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Manufacturing Process

Cement is made by crushing and heating limestone or chalk with small amounts of other natural materials, such as clay or shale, in a rotating kiln to a temperature of 1450o Celsius.

This chemically combines the stones into a hard substance called clinker, essentially changing calcium carbonate (CaCO3) to calcium oxide (CaO) which then reacts with silica (SiO2) to form calcium silicates. This is ground to a powder with about five per cent gypsum, added to control the setting time of the end-product.

The manufacturing process depends on the moisture content of the raw materials. Chalk has a high moisture content and chalk-based processes tend to be less energy efficient than those based on hard limestone.

Animation: Manufacture of cement and concrete, and its use